Urinalysis or urine test

               A Urine test is a common test that can assess many different aspect of your health with a Urine sample.

                 Healthcare provider often use urinalysis to screen for a moniter certain common health ,such as liver disease, kidney disease, and diabetes and to diagnose urinary tract infection (UTIs).

What is a urinalysis?

A urinalysis (also known as a urine routine test) is a test that examines the visual, chemical and microscopic aspects of your urine . It can include a variety of tests that detect and measure various compounds that pass through your urine using a single sample of urine.

                   In general, a healthcare provider or laboratory technician can examine a urinalysis urine sample for the following broad aspects:

·         Color and appearance.

·         Chemical findings.

·         Microscopic findings.

1.     Color and appearance;

             Normal urine color is usually some shade of yellow and can range from colorless or pale yellow.  A Urine sample looks to the “naked eye.” They check if it’s clear or cloudy and if it’s pale, dark yellow or another color.

2.     Chemical finding;

Glucose urine test: A glucose urine test measures the amount of sugar (glucose) in your urine. Under regular circumstances, there shouldn’t be glucose in your urine, so the presence of glucose could be a sign of diabetes or gestational diabetes.

Protein urine test: A protein urine test measures the presence of proteins, such as albumin, in your urine. Higher-than-normal urine protein levels may indicate several different health conditions, such as heart failure, kidney issues and dehydration.

Bilirubin urine test: Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid produced by your liver. If you have bilirubin in your urine, it may indicate liver or bile duct issues.

Urine pH level test: A urine pH test measures the acid-base (pH) level in your urine. A high urine pH may indicate conditions including kidney issues and a urinary tract infection (UTI). A low urine pH may indicate conditions including diabetes-related ketoacidosis and diarrhea.

Urine specific gravity test: A specific gravity test shows the concentration of all chemical particles in your urine. Abnormal results may indicate several different health conditions.

Nitrite urine test: A positive nitrite test result can indicate a urinary tract infection (UTI). However, not all bacteria are capable of converting nitrate (a substance that’s normally in your urine) to nitrite, so you can still have a UTI despite a negative nitrite test.

Ketones urine test: Ketones build up when your body has to break down fats and fatty acids to use as fuel for energy. This is most likely to happen if your body does not get enough sugar or carbohydrates as fuel. Healthcare providers most often use ketone urine tests to check for diabetes-related ketoacidosis.

Leukocyte esterase urine test: Leukocyte esterase is an enzyme that’s present in most white blood cells. When this test is positive, it may indicate that there’s inflammation in your urinary tract or kidneys. The most common cause for white blood cells in urine is a bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI).

3.     Microscopic finding,;

Red blood cell (RBC) urine test: The presence of RBC is indicate the blood passes through the urine. However, this test can’t identify where the blood is coming from. For example, contamination with blood from hemorrhoids or vaginal bleeding can’t be distinguished from a bleed somewhere in your urinary system. In some cases, higher-than-normal levels of red blood cells in your urine may indicate bladder, kidney or urinary tract issues.

White blood cell (WBC) urine test: Normally WBC is present in the urine but higher no of WBC is indicate infection and inflammation some where in your urinary tract.

Epithelial cells: Epithelial cells are cells that form the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body and line body cavities and hollow organs. Your urinary tract is lined with epithelial cells. It’s normal to have some epithelial cells in your urine, but elevated numbers of epithelial cells may indicate infection, inflammation and/or cancer in your urinary tract.

Urinary casts: Casts are tiny tube-like particles that can sometimes be in your urine. They’re formed from protein released by your kidney cells. Certain types of casts may indicate kidney issues, while others are completely normal.

Bacteria, yeast and parasites: Sometimes, bacteria can enter your urethra and urinary tract, causing a urinary tract infection (UTI). The urine sample can also become contaminated with bacteria, yeast and parasites, especially for people with a vagina. Yeast can contaminate the sample for people who have a vaginal yeast infection. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that may also be found in the urine of people who have a vagina. It’s the cause of an STI called trichomoniasis.

Urine Test is two way

1.    Urine routine examination ( It will details discuss at above)

2.    Urine culture examination

            Urine culture examination details discuss in next blog..

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